66 pages • 2 hours read
Hanya YanagiharaA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Although Part 4 begins years after the end of Part 3 and Jude is now almost 40, Jude and JB’s friendship is still broken. JB begged Jude for forgiveness in the days and weeks after his hospitalization, but Jude told him he could not forgive him, explaining that he could not look at JB without remembering the impression and feeling tormented at the thought that others perceive him that away. As with the previous rift between the two, Willem takes Jude’s side and refuses contact with JB, while Malcolm considers Jude in the right but maintains his friendship with JB.
After Willem and Jude eat at a restaurant together one day, Willem broaches the topic of setting Jude up with one of his current girlfriend’s friends. Jude, who has always considered himself too broken for romantic love, scoffs at the idea and refuses to discuss it. Days later, however, he finds himself in a pleasant conversation with a fashion executive named Caleb at a dinner party. Caleb gives Jude a ride home, comes in the lobby with him, and kisses him suddenly. Jude’s former experience with sexual abuse renders him unable to enjoy this kind of physical contact, especially when it comes suddenly, but because he is also worried about being alone forever, he accepts Caleb’s advances.
Caleb and Jude begin a sexual relationship, although Jude endures the sex rather than enjoying it and does not tell anyone in his life about Caleb. At this point in Jude’s life, he needs to use his wheelchair intermittently but not every day. The first time that Caleb sees it, he tells Jude he might not have instigated anything with him had he known that Jude was a person with a disability. Caleb watched his parents’ health deteriorate from illness and tells Jude he always thought they died because they gave up trying to fight; for this reason, he says, he abhors “accessories to weakness” (321).
Soon, Caleb’s behavior escalates from disrespect and callousness to outright abuse. He hits Jude for dropping a plate, which Jude only did because he was attempting to walk without his wheelchair to appease Caleb. Jude invents a story about joining a wheelchair tennis league to explain his bruises to Andy and, later, Harold. The second time Caleb hits Jude, he not only beats him much more severely but also rapes him.
Jude resolves to try to forget he ever met Caleb after this incident, but when he is out to lunch with Harold one day, Caleb saunters in drunk and begins insulting him. Harold, confused and incensed, almost physically attacks Caleb, but Jude prevents him. Jude reluctantly confesses the abusive relationship to Harold in the car on the way home, and Harold tries desperately to make him understand he does not deserve such treatment.
When Jude gets home, Caleb is there waiting for him, having stolen the spare set of keys to the apartment before leaving last time. He beats him horrifically, at one point stripping him naked, marching him down the elevator, and making him stand outside in the rain and beg to be let back in. The beating culminates in Caleb throwing Jude’s wheelchair down the loft’s fire stairwell and then kicking Jude himself there. As the beating rages on, Jude thinks about how Caleb is the only person who sees the true him and recognizes him for what he is: “a person who inspires disgust, a person meant to be hated” (340).
In what appears to be a continuation of Harold’s first-person communication to Willem, Harold describes his biological son’s death. At age 4, Jacob was diagnosed with a rare genetic disease and gradually lost his hearing, vision, and mobility. He died just one year after his diagnosis. Harold and his first wife’s marriage did not survive Jacob’s death; each blamed the other, and they could not agree on whether to try for another child. They divorced, and each remarried.
Back in the novel’s present, Harold goes to Jude’s house the morning after the beating, ready to apologize if he spoke too strongly the day before. He panics upon finding Jude with his face beaten to a pulp, several bones looking broken, with his wheelchair in a heap at the bottom of the stairwell. Harold rushes Jude to Andy. While Jude is being examined at the hospital, Harold cleans Jude’s apartment to remove as much of the blood and vomit as he can. He calls a locksmith to change the locks so Caleb cannot break in again. As he waits for word from Andy, he remembers the time he first found out about Jude’s cutting—how he attempted to stop him by talking to him and disposing of his razors but gradually came to realize he could not force Jude to stop and that Jude would always just replace the discarded razors with new ones.
Jude has many broken bones and requires extensive care when he returns home; Andy, Harold, and Malcolm take turns staying with him. After many months, when Willem returns to New York City from a movie shoot just in time for Thanksgiving, Jude is almost completely recovered, but he forbids those who know about Caleb from telling Willem about him.
Jude’s entanglement with Caleb is the most disturbing part of his adult life and rivals the scenes of abuse from his childhood. The placement of Jude’s four months with Caleb about midway through the book is no accident; this relationship serves as the fulcrum on which the book hinges. Whatever chance Jude had to heal from his childhood trauma evaporates with Caleb’s abuse. Many characters on a hero’s journey encounter some obstacle that might break them or might make them stronger, and a true hero always walks away stronger, even if they had to learn a difficult lesson from the obstacle. Jude is not on the hero’s journey, however, and Caleb’s cruelty ensures that his already precarious hopes for emotional stability will never materialize.
Prior to Caleb, when Jude thinks of monstrous abusers, he thinks of the men who populated his childhood. They are grotesque and terrifying, but they are at least confined to the past. His present is populated by faithful friends and chosen family. Nestled in the material comforts of wealth and the emotional comforts of friendship, he can at least draw a dividing line between the past, in which he was endangered, and the present, in which he is safe.
Caleb destroys that distinction. As a fashion mogul, he is part of Jude’s elite social circle. These kinds of people have represented safety and generosity for Jude. Caleb proves, however, that cruelty and sadism are not confined to poor or middle-class people such as Brother Luke or Dr. Traylor. Worst of all, although Jude has told Caleb nothing about his past, he believes Caleb senses the same thing his former abusers sensed in him: his essential disgustingness. After Caleb breaks the barrier between his dangerous past and his safe present, Jude can never regain the feeling that the new trappings of his life will insulate and protect him.
By Hanya Yanagihara
American Literature
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