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48 pages 1 hour read

Waris Dirie

Desert Flower: The Extraordinary Journey of a Desert Nomad

Nonfiction | Autobiography / Memoir | Adult | Published in 1998

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Chapters 13-18Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 13 Summary: “Passport Dilemma”

Dirie is relieved that Marilyn forgives her for the passport theft. When Dirie’s modeling work dries up, she moves in with Marilyn and her mother and then with another friend, Frankie. One of Dirie’s shots is featured on the front cover of the Sunday Times.

Dirie needs to travel to pursue more modeling opportunities. Her agency recommends an attorney, Harold Wheeler, who can help immigrants with passports. For $2,000, Wheeler organizes a marriage between Dirie and an Irish man, Mr. O’Sullivan; Mr. O’Sullivan is much older than Dirie and drunk at their registry office wedding.

The passport that Wheeler gives to Dirie looks poorly made and inauthentic. When Dirie applies for travel visas, she is called into the immigration office, where the agents insist on meeting with Mr. O’Sullivan. Dirie goes to Mr. O’Sullivan’s house and convinces him to accompany her to a meeting the next day. However, his angry sons threaten and intimidate her when she returns the next morning and force her to leave. Dirie returns another day and comes across Mr. O’Sullivan, who agrees to come with her to the meeting in exchange for Dirie buying him drinks at the pub. The immigration agent, clearly suspicious, insists on the truth, and Dirie tells them about Wheeler. Dirie is given a temporary passport while they investigate Wheeler, which allows her two months of travel.

Dirie goes to Milan and then to Paris. She gets enough modeling work to allow her to sustain herself on her travels. She returns to London and applies for a working visa to the United States. The American immigration officers contact English immigration, and Dirie is told that she is to be deported back to Somalia. Devastated, she explains the situation to her modeling friend, Julie, whom she met in Milan.

At Julie’s place in Cheltenham, Julie’s brother, Nigel, volunteers to marry Dirie to help her with her visa predicament. They go to find O’Sullivan but find him dead in his flat, freeing Dirie to marry Nigel. Immigration is suspicious of their marriage, and Dirie stays at his house in Cheltenham to add legitimacy to their sham marriage. While there, Dirie remembers how much she enjoys time in nature and spends a lot of time outside in the woods.

An immigration agent visits Nigel’s home, and Nigel yells at them. Dirie is concerned that Nigel is unstable, an impression reinforced by Nigel’s comments over the next few months implying that he and Dirie are in a genuine and loving relationship. They go to the immigration office, and Nigel demands that the office give Dirie a passport. She is finally issued a temporary passport and travels to New York. She is upset to see that her passport specifies that as a British national, she cannot travel to Somalia.

Chapter 14 Summary: “The Big League”

Nigel is reluctant to let Dirie travel to New York alone, but she finally convinces him to let her go. She stays in her agency’s booker’s apartment in the Village. Nigel arrives afterward, much to Dirie’s chagrin. She finally convinces Nigel that she hates him. After a few weeks of moping, he leaves.

Dirie shoots perfume ads for Revlon and Oil of Olay, performs in music videos, and appears in many fashion magazines, including Elle, Allure, Glamour, and Italian and French Vogue. At one shoot, she poses naked atop an enormous bull and is bucked off numerous times. Still unused to keeping appointments, Dirie struggles with being late or forgetting meetings.

Dirie describes the chaos of catwalk season: rushing to casting calls, spending long days getting hair and makeup done, and standing for hours in the clothes, not wanting to crease them before the show. Dirie loves walking on the catwalk. She travels to Milan, Paris, London, and back to New York.

Dirie admits that the business can be ruthless for young women. She describes stylists or photographers criticizing her scarred feet or her legs, which are bowed from malnutrition as a child. There are cruel and exploitative people in the industry.

Dirie reflects that the capitalistic, materialistic nature of the modeling industry is not in line with her values, which center around friends, family, nature, and personal integrity. She decides that she wants to use her platform to do good.

Chapter 15 Summary: “Back to Somalia”

While on holiday in Trinidad, Dirie gets a call from producers at the BBC, who tell her they want to make a documentary about her life. At first, Dirie is reluctant, but she agrees on the condition that the BBC will help her find her mother in Somalia. The BBC begins filming Dirie’s daily life, including modeling shoots and catch-ups with friends, and locations in London, like the school where Malcolm Fairchild first spotted Dirie. She hosts a television show called Soul Train. Reading the cue cards overwhelms her, and she is embarrassed that the BBC is filming her.

Dirie travels to Africa with the BBC film crew, but they struggle to locate Dirie’s mother. Many other women claim to be her, hoping to receive money. Dirie reassures the crew that her mother will arrive on their third day, but this deadline passes. A Somali man arrives in a truck, claiming that he remembers Dirie from her youth and that he is a close friend of the family. Dirie doesn’t remember him, but he says he will get her mother, so Dirie convinces the BBC to give the man gas money. One day, Dirie confidently predicts that her mother will arrive at six o’clock, and she does. They embrace joyfully.

Over the next few days, Dirie and her mother struggle to talk. It is awkward at first, as Dirie’s Somali is poor and so much time has passed. Dirie also catches up with her little brother, Ali, and her cousin. Dirie argues with Ali about the Somali practice of cutting down saplings to use as animal enclosures; Dirie suggests that the forest would flourish and more rain would fall if they let these plants grow. Dirie’s family is critical of the fact that she is not married yet; she objects to the fact that women in Somalia have no choice about who and when they marry. Her brother and cousin playfully tell her to shut up.

Dirie suggests that her mother come to live with her in England or America, but her mother explains that she needs to care for Dirie’s father and the five children of his young wife, who ran away. Dirie cries as she leaves Somalia, wondering when she will see her mother again.

Chapter 16 Summary: “The Big Apple”

On a night out in New York, Dirie meets Dana, a drummer with a “funky afro” in a band. They talk during a break in Dana’s band’s set and later go outside for air. They hug. Dirie tells him to call her at three o’clock the next afternoon. He calls 20 minutes after three, and she admonishes him for his lateness. They go on a date, where Dirie tells Dana that she knows that she will have his babies. Her candid comment unsettles him since the two barely know each other, and they don’t talk for a week. Finally, Dirie calls him, and they both surprise each other and themselves by professing their love. They move in together, and a year later, Dirie is pregnant.

Dirie and Dana want to get married, but Dirie is still married to Nigel. They travel to England together, and Dirie convinces Dana to let her go to speak to Nigel alone. Dirie and Nigel argue because Nigel doesn’t want a divorce. Dirie explains that she is with Dana, having his baby, and wants to marry him. Nigel insists that Dirie owes him money, even though Nigel has taken a lot of Dirie’s money over the years. Nigel tells Dirie that he is going to kill her and then himself, and he shoves her to the ground. Nigel is shocked by his actions and drives Dirie back to the bed and breakfast where she is staying with Dana.

They give up trying to convince Nigel and fly back to New York. Dirie lives with Dana’s family while he tours with his band. One day, she calls him urgently, saying that she is about to have the baby. He begs her to wait and hurries to join her.

During her labor, Dirie repeatedly cries that she wants to swing upside down from a tree, much to Dana’s amusement. She finally gives birth to a baby boy, whom she names Aleeke, the Somali word for lion.

Chapter 17 Summary: “The Ambassador”

Dirie reflects on how difficult it is to be a woman in general and how much more difficult it is to be a woman in Africa. She discusses the pain FGM caused her as well as the stress of pregnancy and childbirth.

Dirie does an interview for Marie Claire about FGM. Afterward, both the magazine and the charity Equality Now are swamped with letters decrying FGM and praising Dirie’s bravery. The United Nations contacts Dirie, wanting her to join their fight against FGM, and she becomes a special ambassador. Dirie learns that 2 million girls are subjected to FGM each year, and she becomes more determined to end the practice. Dirie learns that FGM also occurs in Western countries, such as the United States, in families of African descent, although legislation has made the practice illegal. She shares the story of a father in New York who cut off his daughter’s genitals with a steak knife.

Dirie believes that her mission in life is to fight FGM. She says that this mission was assigned to her by God, who spared her from the lion. She often travels to Africa with the UN to speak out against the practice, despite the risk to her life posed by fanatics.

Chapter 18 Summary: “Thoughts of Home”

Although Dirie condemns FGM, she is proud to be African. She loves African culture and reflects positively on the gratitude and joy she experienced in Somalia as a child. She criticizes the dissatisfaction of materialistic Americans who have access to so much food and wealth. She also believes that Americans do not appreciate the wonder of living in a country that is at peace; many of her family members have been killed in Somali civil wars.

Dirie continues to pray for a future where FGM is abolished.

Chapters 13-18 Analysis

These chapters further explore The Cultural Differences Between Africa and the Western World. Dirie struggles to acclimate to the frantic pace of life in the Western world. She reflects, “[M]y schedule was packed with castings, shows, and shoots. All of it was very difficult for me to keep track of, with my bias against wearing a watch” (171). Dirie hates wearing a watch because to her, watches symbolize the attachment of people in the West to a frantic pace of life. She is grateful for her African heritage, which she believes has taught her to enjoy the simple pleasure of allowing a day to unfold without rush or pressure. She states, “Without growing up in Africa, I don’t know if I would have learned to enjoy life the simple way” (223). By navigating the demanding pace of her modeling career without a watch, Dirie strives to maintain the unhurried, simple rhythm of her youth rather than fully assimilating into the frantic lifestyle that now surrounds her.

Dirie also believes that her African upbringing allows her to stay grounded in the most important things: relationships, personal goodness, and connection to nature. She believes that in the United States, “although everyone talks about family values, I’ve seen very little of them” (221). In contrast, Dirie’s childhood was defined by belonging to a community—her family, the other families with whom they traveled, and the nomadic community more generally, who would always share what they had with each other. Her African heritage means that she doesn’t take fame in the Western world seriously, as she knows that true happiness derives from simpler pleasures. She writes that her upbringing “has kept [her] from taking seriously trivial issues like success and fame that seem to obsess so many people” (223). Dirie’s attachment to nature, borne from a childhood of nomadic travel, is illustrated when she is on photoshoots on islands. Her homesickness is evident, as is her yearning for a more peaceful pace of life: “I would close my eyes, smell the sweetness of the flowers, feel the sun on my face, listen to the birds, and pretend I was back in Africa. I would try to recapture that feeling of peace and tranquility” (179). The contrast that Dirie draws between her life as a model in England and the United States and her childhood in Somalia highlights the impact of her nomadic upbringing on her values and perspective.

As Dirie becomes more enmeshed in the modeling world, her body itself becomes a symbol of the stark differences between her life as a Somali nomad and her life as a fashion model. When stylists and photographers see her scarred feet, they cry, “My God! What is wrong with your feet! Why do you have those ugly black marks all over them?” (174). In response, Dirie reflects, “What can I say? They’re referring to the scars caused by stepping on hundreds of thorns and rocks in the Somalian desert. How can I explain that to a designer in Paris?” (174). These scars caused by thorns and rocks in the Somalian desert on the catwalks of Paris emphasize the absolute contrast of Dirie’s worlds. While her body bears the marks of her past and is critiqued for it, she continues to have a successful modeling career, undermining the Western idea that only certain types of people or bodies are beautiful.

Dirie continues to explore The Pain and Trauma of Female Genital Mutilation in these chapters. In her role as a UN ambassador, Dirie unpacks the inherent misogyny that underpins the practice of FGM. She writes, “The practice is simply promoted and demanded by men—ignorant, selfish men—who want to assure their ownership of their woman’s sexual [favors]” (219). According to Dirie, this problematic cultural value of female purity and ownership has traumatic impacts on the lives of women. Dirie uses her own life as a case study to emphasize the devastating impact of FGM, including the pain she suffered as a girl and the fact that the removal of her clitoris has effectively robbed her of the experience of sexual pleasure. Despite these hardships, Dirie concludes, “The reality is that I’m the lucky one” (213). By framing her struggles as “lucky,” Dirie draws attention to the lived experience of millions of other women in Africa who “live their lives in pain” without the relative privilege Dirie now holds as a model, author, and activist (213). She reflects on the women who die during childbirth because their labia are fused, and those who are sewn shut after giving birth “so [their] vagina[s] will remain tight for [their] husband[s]” (213). Dirie uses these distressing anecdotes—which emphasize the suffering of women due to men’s preferences—to draw attention to the pain and distress caused by the practice, thereby creating support for abolishing FGM.

The theme of Resilience and Determination culminates in Dirie’s newfound passion for activism and advocacy. Dirie continues to travel to Africa despite the concern expressed by friends and colleagues that she might be a target for fanatics. She endangers her life to speak out on behalf of those who are powerless. The same resilience that Dirie drew on as a young girl surviving days alone in the desert has grown and changed along with her. Initially, Dirie’s determination was motivated by her desire to care for her mother, her career, and herself. Now, as an activist and UN ambassador, Dirie uses her determination to advocate against FGM.

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