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Waris DirieA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Through Aman, Dirie meets some of her extended family, including some of her mother’s siblings and her irascible and determined grandmother. She goes to live in Aunt L’uul’s home, the wife of her mother’s brother, Uncle Sayyid.
Dirie struggles to adjust to living indoors, which feels stifling and contained after the openness of the desert. In exchange for living at Aunt L’uul’s home, Dirie cares for her three children—a nine-year-old, a six-year-old, and a baby—as well as cleaning the home and preparing meals. This routine soon begins to wear thin, especially as Aunt L’uul spends her days seeing friends now that she has Dirie to care for her children. One day, Dirie finds her nine-year-old female cousin comparing her genitals with a male friend’s; disgusted, Dirie whips her. Aunt L’uul is furious with Dirie’s physical disciplining of her child. They argue, and Dirie leaves.
Dirie goes to live with her mother’s sister, Aunt Sahru; she helps by cleaning the house. While she’s there, another of Dirie’s mother’s siblings visits. His name is Mohammed Chama Farah, and he is the Somali ambassador in London. Dirie overhears that he is looking for a cleaner and a maid, and she volunteers herself. At first, Uncle Mohammed is reluctant because of Dirie’s poor manners, but he relents and agrees, telling Dirie that he will organize a passport for her.
Uncle Mohammed comes to get Dirie the next day. Dirie is terrified to learn that she will be traveling on the plane by herself; Uncle Mohammad needs to convince her to board. Dirie sits down in a first-class seat as soon as she gets on the plane and needs to be escorted to her actual seat. She is offered candy and scoops up a handful, putting the candies in a pouch in her dress as if they are fruit she gathered in the desert. The air hostess is appalled.
When Dirie uses the toilet, she cannot work out how to flush it. Not wanting everyone to see her urine, she uses a cup to carefully fill the entire toilet bowl with clean water from the sink. By the time she emerges, a long line of angry people are waiting.
At Heathrow Airport, the sight of white people shocks Dirie; she assumes that they are white because they haven’t had enough sun, which seems logical to her given the fact that England is cold and snowy. The escalator fascinates and terrifies her, and she loses a sandal on it. A Somali chauffeur finds Dirie and escorts her through customs. Dirie objects to being labeled as 18 on her passport; she believes that she is about 14. The driver insists that she is now 18, as this is what her passport says.
Dirie is fascinated during their drive through London. They arrive at her uncle and aunt’s home. Exhausted, Dirie asks to sleep before she is taken on a tour of the house. Her aunt takes Dirie to her own bed, and she is amazed by its size and softness.
Dirie is inducted into her position, which involves preparing breakfast for her uncle, aunt, and cousins and then cleaning the palatial house thoroughly from top to bottom. Her days are long and exhausting; she works until 11 o’clock at night, has no days off, and is paid a meager salary.
Dirie makes friends with her cousin Basma, who tells Dirie about the books she reads. Dirie longs to learn English and starts secretly attending night school, but her aunt and uncle find out and put a stop to her classes. She continues trying to learn English by eavesdropping outside the television room, although she is not allowed to watch television, and trying to read Basma’s books.
One day, Dirie is devastated by a call from her mother, who tells her that Old Man and Aman have both died.
Dirie often makes the family laugh by dressing in her uncle’s clothes. She learns about Iman, a Somali friend of the family who is a model, and she grows interested in the profession. When she is walking her cousin Sophie to school, the father of one of Sophie’s friends tries to approach Dirie. She assumes that he is a sexual predator and yells at him in Somali to go away. He follows Dirie home and speaks to her aunt, who also tells him to go away. Dirie’s aunt does not tell Dirie what he wants. Eventually, the man, Malcolm Fairchild, gives Dirie a business card. Basma, who interprets the card at home, tells Dirie that Malcolm is a fashion photographer.
Haji, Dirie’s male cousin, begins coming into Dirie’s room after nights out drinking with friends. Feeling threatened, Dirie hides a rolling pin from the kitchen in her bed. When Haji goes to touch her thigh, she smashes his face with it, breaking his glasses. The family is woken up by the commotion.
The family never speaks of the incident between Haji and Dirie. One day, Uncle Mohammad tells the family that they will be returning to Somalia. They have been in London for four years. Dirie wants to save to buy her mother a house and begs to remain in London, but her aunt and uncle refuse, pointing out that she doesn’t speak English and has no money apart from the tiny amount she has saved from her meager wages.
Dirie secretly buries her passport in the yard. When the time comes for the family to leave, she cannot come as she has no passport. Her aunt and uncle are suspicious but have no choice but to leave without her.
Dirie walks around shops, feeling free. She tries on many clothes. She approaches a Somali woman who is looking at sweaters and begins talking to her; luckily, she speaks Somali. Dirie tells the woman, Halwu, that she has been homeless since her family left, and Halwu suggests that Dirie sleep on the floor of her bedroom at the YMCA. Dirie is thrilled to be able to watch the television in Halwu’s room for as long as she wants.
Dirie manages to get a room in the YWCA building across the road and begins working at McDonald’s, cleaning the kitchen. She does not have a working visa, and McDonald’s pays her a meager wage under the table, as they do with many other refugees and foreigners without paperwork.
Halwu takes Dirie out to clubs, where they meet and dance with men. Halwu warns Dirie not to have sex, as Western men don’t know about the Somali culture of FGM.
Malcolm Fairchild sees Dirie at McDonald’s and tries to talk to her; Dirie greets him politely but leaves quickly. Later, Dirie shows Halwu Malcolm’s card. Halwu calls him, and he invites the girls to his studio.
Malcolm explains to Halwu that he just wants to take Dirie’s photograph. Meanwhile, Dirie looks at the huge photographs of beautiful women lining the studio walls; she feels excited and inspired. Dirie has her makeup done and her photo taken.
Later, Malcolm calls Dirie and tells her that agencies are interested in her. He gives her the address of Crawford’s modeling agency. She goes there and has a stilted conversation with a woman at the agency, Veronica, who explains that there is a casting that she should go to. Dirie takes a cab there with Veronica’s money. However, she is disgusted when she learns that she must take her top off for the shoot. Angry and devastated, she leaves.
Veronica calls Dirie that night and explains that the photographer is not predatory. Dirie goes again the next day. The photographer, Terence Donovan, is patient and kind with Dirie, showing her the artful photos he has taken of other women. Dirie’s photo is taken, and she is chosen for the job and travels to Bath. One of the photos from this shoot ends up being on the front cover of the Pirelli calendar.
Dirie gets another job as a Bond girl in an upcoming film, The Living Daylights. She is excited until she hears that it is being shot in Morocco. Veronica is angry when Dirie admits that she does not have a working visa and can’t leave the country. Dirie assures her that she will figure it out.
Dirie convinces her friend, Marilyn, who is also Somali but grew up in England, to give Dirie her paperwork so she can have a passport made with Marilyn’s details and Dirie’s photo. Marilyn agrees, but once the passport arrives, she hesitates and takes it. Dirie finds it in Marilyn’s bedroom and goes to Morocco.
In Morocco, Dirie shocks her castmates by entering into a camel race and coming in second. She is relieved that her parts in the movie do not require speaking.
Coming back through Heathrow, her fellow cast members see that her passport says Marilyn Monroe, and Dirie panics. She had no idea that her friend was named after a famous person, and she thinks that everyone is drawing too much attention to her fake passport. She is relieved to make it through customs.
William, a man living at the YMCA, asks Dirie on a date; she thinks about the FGM she underwent and says no, assuming he’ll want to have sex at some point. Dirie hears other women urinating in a loud stream; she contrasts this with her own experience of urinating, which takes about 10 minutes as urine drips from the small hole in her vulva. Dirie experiences significant pain every time she has her period, as the menstrual blood blocks up in her body. She remembers burying the bottom part of her body in a hole in the desert in Somalia to try to relieve the pain; her father once found her like this and thought that it was hilarious.
In London, doctors prescribe her birth control to manage the pain without examining her, but she does not like the side effects, including weight gain, and stops taking it. Finally, she decides to tell a doctor that she is a survivor of FGM.
Dr. Macrae, the doctor at the hospital, insists on examining Dirie, reassuring her that he has seen this before. They bring a Somali hospital cleaner to translate Dr. Macrae’s recommendation that they need to operate on Dirie as soon as possible to reverse the procedure. The cleaner advises Dirie in Somali that it is against their culture and that she should talk to her family. Dirie leaves without having the surgery performed, but she decides to have the surgery once her aunt and uncle leave London for Somalia.
Dirie shows Marilyn her vulva. Marilyn, who was not subjected to FGM, cries, grief-stricken that Dirie was mutilated as a child. Marilyn accompanies Dirie while the operation is performed. Dirie is amazed at the existence of anesthetic during the surgery, although the recovery afterward is very painful. After a three-week healing period, she is amazed to be able to urinate quickly and without pain.
These chapters further explore The Pain and Trauma of Female Genital Mutilation. In London, FGM inhibits Dirie’s connection with men. She is hyper-aware of her mutilated vulva because she comes to understand that not all women have had the procedure done. Halwu confirms this when she advises Dirie to never go home with a man for sex because men in England don’t know about FGM. When William asks her to go to a movie, Dirie immediately thinks of her mutilated genitalia when she refuses. She reflects, “It was as if the stitches prevented any man from entering me—physically or emotionally” (141). This illustrates that Dirie’s FGM has become a metaphorical block in terms of forming emotional or romantic connections with men. As a result, FGM fuels Dirie’s loneliness and stymies her hopes of a romantic relationship and a family. She explains, “I hoped to have a husband and family of my own. But as long as I was sewn up, I was very much closed to the idea of a relationship” (141). By explicitly analogizing the physical stitches left by FGM with her loneliness and emotional distance from men, Dirie frames FGM as both physically and mentally traumatizing.
In addition to describing FGM’s emotional scars, Dirie continues to emphasize the immense discomfort caused by the procedure, describing other symptoms like long urination and painful periods. The British doctor comments, “[S]he’s closed up way too much—I don’t even know how she’s made it this far” (145). By bolstering her lived experience with the words of a medical professional, Dirie illustrates the ongoing danger of the health issues posed by FGM, such as blocked menstrual blood and urinary tract infections. Dirie’s ongoing descriptions of the physical and emotional pain she suffers as an FGM survivor lay the groundwork for the argument she makes in future chapters: FGM should be globally abolished as a cultural practice.
Dirie decides to have the surgery to separate her fused outer labia despite the immense cultural pressure that exists for her to leave her vulva sewn shut. Dirie’s aunt initially communicates this cultural pressure by indirectly counseling Dirie to never speak of her FGM to a white, English doctor, even though Dirie suffers from immense menstrual pain caused by the procedure. Dirie writes, “I knew the unspoken message of her comment: circumcision is our African custom—and not something you discuss with these white men” (144). Dirie further establishes the cultural pressure she faces by sharing her interaction with the Somali hospital cleaner, who “purse[s] his lips and glare[s] at the doctor” as soon as he is brought in to translate (145). The cleaner’s angry expression communicates his disapproval of Dirie’s choice to seek medical advice about her FGM. The advice he gives Dirie illustrates his belief that she does not have the right to make this choice about her body. He asks, “Does your family know you’re doing this? […] [T]he first thing I’d do is discuss it with them” (146). The cleaner’s comments disempower Dirie and remind her that her family has made all of the decisions about her body. Dirie uses this interaction to further establish the misogynistic culture around FGM, which reasserts itself as she attempts to demonstrate agency over her body.
Resilience and Determination continue to function as a pivotal theme. Dirie refuses to have her life dictated by her uncle and aunt and chooses to stay in London, even though she has no contacts, money, or English skills. Her desire to make money for her destitute family fuels her determination: “To accomplish this goal, I felt since I was already in England, I wanted to stay and make some money, because once I left, I certainly couldn’t come back” (107). Dirie’s goal of providing financially for her family mirrors her lengthy searches for water for her family in the desert. In both cases, Dirie’s resilience is motivated by her strong family ties and the sense of responsibility she feels for her mother’s survival.
Dirie must learn a new language and a radically different way of life to survive in London and begin her modeling career. She draws on her resilience and her creativity to sustain herself. Her creative solution to her lack of a work visa exemplifies this determination. When Marilyn has second thoughts about giving Dirie the fake passport, Dirie searches Marilyn’s entire room, item by item: “She had hundreds of books in there, and I knew that’s where it had to be hidden. One by one, I opened them and shook them” (135). With a passport in hand, Dirie can travel to Morocco to be involved in the Bond film. Dirie’s determination—even at the expense of deceiving a friend—is therefore explicitly linked to her professional success.