67 pages • 2 hours read
Jenny Erpenbeck, Transl. Michael HofmannA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Katharina and Hans have sex and take in the sights on their first two days in Moscow. Hans recalls that the day he found out about Katharina’s infidelity, he had thought to write down the name of Sergei Tretyakov, a Soviet writer who had produced Russian translations of German playwright Bertolt Brecht’s work. Tretyakov was condemned and executed by the state, but his reputation was rehabilitated years after his death. This raises questions of whether the state was wrong to condemn him.
Hans and Katharina are impressed by the scale of the monuments they find throughout the city. Katharina feels that all the signs of progress in Moscow represent the ideals Hans aspires to embody. Hans reflects on essays that were published long after being censored when they were first written. Their delayed publication reveals the fallibility of the state.
Katharina is dazzled by the metro system in Moscow. Hans declares it a testament to the workers who wanted their beautiful labors to become public property. Later, Hans wonders whether the brutality of socialist reform exceeded its necessity. He recalls the Great Purge that Stalin oversaw to remove political dissidents like Nikolai Bukharin. On their last night in Moscow, Hans steals a shot glass for Katharina as a keepsake of their trip.
During another trip to the Baltic, Ingrid comments on the banning of Soviet periodicals. Hans frequently escapes from his family to meet with Katharina in a nearby town.
Rather than celebrate the anniversary of the day they met, Hans starts to commemorate Katharina’s departure for Frankfurt and the significant events that followed. Katharina begins her studies at art school. On the anniversary of their wedding, Hans asks whether Katharina has remained in contact with Vadim. Katharina admits to speaking with him once, though she also feels that Hans is the one relitigating Vadim’s presence over their relationship, not her. Hans reminds her of their shared desire to have a child, which moves them both to tears.
The following week, Hans celebrates the anniversary of their last night together before she had gone to sleep at Vadim’s. Katharina loudly denies Hans’s accusations against her at the restaurant. She finds it ridiculous that Hans must celebrate their unhappiness. She also resents the fact that she must continue to assert that her diary writings were always exclusively about Hans and never about Vadim.
When Hans visits her apartment at the end of that summer, Katharina disobeys every one of his instructions for their date. She takes control of their sexual activity, forcing him to arouse her only on her terms. Several days later, Katharina visits Hans at his studio and sees that he is visibly shaken. He claims that he has just met Vadim, who told him that Katharina had sex with him multiple times, not just once. Katharina vehemently denies this. It is only when Hans is convinced of her denial that he admits that he had made up the story of meeting Vadim.
Katharina listens to Hans’s fourth cassette tape, in which he expresses his resolve to stay in their relationship. He believes that Katharina will be cowed by the pressure of art school to abandon him. He criticizes Katharina’s lack of moral discipline and urges her to examine whether she really loves him enough to have a child with him. Katharina finds Hans’s words terrifying and difficult to bear.
Katharina’s friend Torsten announces that his request to leave East Germany has been approved. He wants to escape military service so that he can pursue his studies in dentistry. They talk over the phone one last time, during which Torsten encourages her to listen to Richard Wagner’s opera Tannhäuser and teases her for sinning too passionately.
In November, Hans tells Katharina that he wants to do what she wants, which is for him to hit her. Katharina realizes that this is no longer like the sex game they used to play. They both earnestly hate themselves and each other. Hans only stops hitting Katharina when he notices that she is crying.
Hans promises to supply the fifth cassette after he receives Katharina’s response to the fourth one. He also indicates that he will talk to Ingrid again. This fills Katharina with a sense of futility. Her father helps her to schedule a therapy appointment for Hans. As 1988 ends, Hans keeps his distance from Katharina. Katharina spends more time with her classmate, Rosa.
Hans goes to therapy, where he and the psychologist discuss the work of poet Friedrich Hölderlin. Hans offers his theory over why Hölderlin abandoned the use of first-person perspective in his work, which has to do with the poet’s disillusionment with the French Revolution and the new society inspired by the Jacobins.
While waiting for Hans to finish his session, Katharina reflects on the past year and how she has failed to change Hans’s brutal treatment of her. As she thinks about the distance from their first night together, as well as her promise to be honest with him at all times, she wonders how she can truthfully deny her unhappiness. She has hoped for Ingrid to maintain her relationship with Hans, fearing that Hans would feel burdened moving in with Katharina. At one point, Hans expressed that he was tired of recording new tapes for Katharina. Katharina urged him to complete the next one, having nothing else to represent their love. She hopes that his therapy session will bring about a miracle. When he arrives, he shares that he and the psychologist talked about Hölderlin.
Katharina and Hans pass the first anniversary of the night she had sex with Vadim. They both express their desire to die and try to simulate what they would look like as corpses for each other’s benefit. At dinner, Hans gives Katharina the fifth cassette.
On the fifth cassette, Hans describes himself splitting in two Hanses. The first Hans trusted Katharina unconditionally while the second Hans had some suspicions but did not act on them. After Katharina’s infidelity, Hans can no longer trust in the first Hans, let alone reconcile the two versions. He accuses Katharina of being able to cope with the second Hans’s suspicions. Hans declares that over the past year, he has not been litigating what happened with her, but reliving its experience day by day.
Katharina resigns herself to the reality that Hans will use everything she says or does against her.
Katharina has distanced herself from her friend group, each person having gone their own way. Rosa is the only person in whom she confides her relationship with Hans. Rosa registers Katharina’s despair. After a night of sex, Rosa suggests that two people in a relationship can never fully know each other. Everything about them must be compatible, however, including that which remains a mystery. Katharina laments that Hans will never find the truth he says he is looking for in her. She adds that she doesn’t know what she wants for herself and whether that means she still exists as a person. Rosa gets Katharina to acknowledge that she wants to kiss her. She suggests leaving Hans, but Katharina still loves him.
Katharina tells Hans about Rosa, and he is more curious than angry about the idea of them having sex. He indicates that he isn’t bothered but moved to know that she has a “little friend.”
Unrest grows in East Germany as the economy becomes increasingly unstable. The government doubles down on its censorship policies, leading to concerned discussions among Hans’s friends and colleagues.
Katharina expresses her belief that Hans doesn’t love her anymore. Hans reflects on this while giving a reading in Dresden and uses the trip to imagine life without her. He writes to her to say that he can look past what happened in Frankfurt and that he will not record any more cassette tapes. When they reunite, they enjoy a pleasant day together, which reminds them of their first days together. Katharina is so happy that she remains in a good mood during the local government elections two weeks later. The election is widely believed to have been rigged in favor of the candidates endorsed by the ruling party. This triggers a public meeting of German youth organization members, who are disconnected from the old generation.
Katharina writes notes on her happiness as a gift for Hans. When Hans and his family visit the Baltic, Katharina waits for him again in a nearby town. She writes separate notes to purge her negative feelings, revealing that she doubts Hans’s forgiveness. She has no assurance that their happy time is not an illusion.
On his way to see Katharina, Hans recalls how his mother brought him to a bomb shelter when the town they were in was being attacked. He also thinks about how tanks have maintained their presence in the world ever since the end of World War II, continuing to roll over perceived enemies as recently as the Tiananmen Square massacre. Hans and Ingrid were appalled by the death toll but unsure what to think of its motivations. Soon after, the border between Hungary and Austria opened, triggering an influx of East German refugees.
Hans shares a dream of being in Frankfurt with Katharina and Vadim. Katharina is dumbfounded.
In August, Katharina writes a letter to Hans to express her uncertainty about the state of their relationship. Several weeks later, Hans responds by withdrawing from the monthly celebration of their anniversary. He promises to record another cassette tape. Katharina cannot help but see the cyclical arc of their relationship. She recalls a play she has seen about the French Revolution, during which her father commented that none of the revolutionary figures depicted had really affected the economic circumstances of the poor. Violence distracted them from assessing the progress toward their goals.
In October, the Ganymede announces its closing date, and Hans and Katharina attend to commemorate their first date there. All of the staff have resigned, however, leaving the restaurant to stand as a wreck of its former self. Katharina takes a coat hook number as a keepsake.
The trip to Moscow represents the possibility of a turning point for Hans and Katharina. Despite Hans’s claims that he will forego the trip, he relents, suggesting that he is willing to look past the pain to salvage the relationship. Katharina is dazzled by Moscow, which looks to her like the utopian vision of Berlin that Hans wants to achieve through socialism. Hans, by contrast, catches himself thinking about the repercussions of East Germany’s turn toward socialism and how the violence of World War II never really ended. This is partly what has left him feeling solitary in his old age. In spite of his resistance to his father’s generation and their values, he acknowledges that many of his contemporaries paid with their reputations and their lives to maintain the socialist vision. As a survivor of his generation, the implications of this violence weigh heavily on him. They suggest, as Katharina’s father points out in Part 2, Chapter 19, that the realization of the socialist vision in Moscow is merely a façade to cover up the state’s penchant for violence.
These thoughts continue to haunt Hans throughout these chapters, especially as the GDR moves into its twilight days. Thinking about the friends and colleagues who were denounced or imprisoned for supposed crimes against the state, he wonders about The Politics of Transgression and Atonement: The state set itself up as the arbiter of acceptable thought, demanding official self-criticisms and endless apologies from those who had purportedly transgressed. These patterns are reproduced in miniature in Hans’s relationship with Katharina. The unrest that marks East Germany from Part 2, Chapters 17 to 19 is representative of the disillusionment that Katharina’s generation feels toward socialism. Erpenbeck uses the backdrop of 1989’s rigged elections to emphasize Katharina’s doubts about Hans and the state of their relationship. Having been worn down by Hans’s violent tactics, she can no longer discern whether Hans truly loves her. When she expresses this, Hans becomes desperate to hold on to her through tenderness. By then, she already doubts the authenticity of the effort, unsure whether he is merely performing it for her sake.
Although Hans remains vindictive over Katharina’s sexual encounter with Vadim, he expresses little to no offense over the discovery of her affair with Rosa. This implies that Hans does not see Rosa as a threat, possibly because she is also a woman. This underlines the cruelty with which Hans considers Katharina in their relationship, only acting violently when he feels that his position as the potential father of her children is being undermined. Katharina maintains that she loves Hans, but now that she sees the extent of his cruelty, she also sees the weakness of his character. Hans cannot function in a relationship unless he feels he has control over his partner, as seen in his relationships with Ingrid and his other lovers. This pattern highlights The Generational Divide Against the Backdrop of History: In Hans’s youth, violence was the primary means by which the state secured its subjects’ loyalty and devotion. He cannot help but reproduce this violence and domination in his personal life. With a clearer sense of his character, the appeal of Hans’s influence fades, much like the glamor of the Ganymede and the GDR in their final days.