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45 pages 1 hour read

Benjamin Zephaniah

Refugee Boy

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2001

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Chapters 13-18Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 13 Summary: “Loved and Lost”

One day after school, Mariam waits for Alem with another letter from his father. In the letter, Mr. Kelo tells Alem that his mother was killed and her body was left near the border. Because of Mrs. Kelo’s death, Mr. Kelo writes that he will come to England to be with Alem. While Alem reads the letter in his room, Mariam tells the Fitzgeralds about Mrs. Kelo’s death.

When Alem comes downstairs for dinner, Mrs. Fitzgerald hugs him, but he does not react. In the middle of dinner, Alem breaks down sobbing and runs up to his room. After a while, Ruth checks on him. She tells him that she wants him to know that she is like his sister and would do anything for him. Alem is surprised because they have never been close. Ruth explains that they have had nine foster children in their house throughout her life, and some of them have attacked and assaulted her. Despite the pain the foster kids caused her, Ruth’s parents do not seem to care how the situation affects Ruth. However, she knows that Alem is different than the other foster children, and she wants to help him. Alem cries into her shoulder while she holds him.

Chapter 14 Summary: “Life After Death”

Sheila and Nicholas arrive the next day and express their condolences. Nicholas asks for Alem’s permission to use Mr. Kelo’s recent letter in court to strengthen their case. Alem asks them if it would be better for him to go home to be with his father instead of fighting for asylum, but Sheila tells him that it is possible that his father has already left Eritrea and that they could miss each other if Alem leaves now. Alem gives the letter to Nicholas to use in his case.

Alem stays home from school for the next few days. Ruth comes into his room and sees him holding the photograph of his family. She takes the picture, scans it, and then uploads it as his desktop picture on his computer in his room.

When Alem returns to school, he tells Robert what happened to his mother. They walk to the Fitzgeralds’ house, and Alem shows Robert the picture of his parents in his room. Robert says that the whole country is full of refugees. He tells Alem that his parents are originally from Chile and that his name is Roberto, even though he goes by Robert. Alem is glad to know that he is not the only person he knows who comes from a different country.

Chapter 15 Summary: “The Africans”

Robert and Alem go to Buck’s house to listen to his band practice. Afterward, Robert takes him to visit his friend named Asher, whom he believes is Ethiopian.

Asher invites them in, and he is excited that Alem is from Ethiopia and Eritrea. He explains that he is Jamaican but that Ethiopia is his true homeland. He discusses Ethiopia with Alem and explains to Robert that “Africa must unite” (183). Robert and Alem leave after a while and make plans to bring their bikes to school the next day.

Chapter 16 Summary: “Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner?”

Robert and Alem bike together after school. After Robert leaves, two boys attack Alem and steal his bike. He tells the Fitzgeralds what happened. They want to call the police, but Alem asks them not to. He goes up to his room and takes a nap, feeling depressed about his bike.

Ruth comes into his room and tells him that she is sorry about his bike but that she has a surprise for him. Alem closes his eyes, and when he opens them, his father is standing in his room. Alem rushes into his father’s arms. After they catch up, Alem shows him the family photo on his computer. Later, Mr. Kelo explains to Alem and the Fitzgeralds that he must go to the Home Office to apply for asylum the next day, but afterward, he would like to come back to their house to visit. The Fitzgeralds offer to have him over for dinner, and Alem tells his father that he wants to make him spaghetti.

Chapter 17 Summary: “Campsfield”

After school, Alem rushes home and sees that Mrs. Fitzgerald bought spaghetti for him to cook for his father. Later in the day, the doorbell rings, but instead of Mr. Kelo, Sheila and Mariam stand at the door. Mariam tells them that she accompanied Mr. Kelo to the Home Office, but the authorities arrested him and took him to Campsfield, a detention center for refugees. She tells them that Nicholas will go to Campsfield to try to get Mr. Kelo out.

The next day, Nicholas calls Alem and tells him that they are applying for bail for Mr. Kelo and that he feels confident that they can get him out. Alem goes to his room, and Ruth comes in. She gives him two CDs: one of Eritrean music and one of Ethiopian music. Her gift lifts Alem’s spirits, and he listens to the music for the rest of the day and thinks of his home. Later, Mrs. Fitzgerald tells Alem that Nicholas called and said that Mr. Kelo will appear in court in the next few days.

Chapter 18 Summary: “Real Men Cry”

Alem and the Fitzgeralds learn that the court accepted Mr. Kelo’s bail. Alem is relieved and sees his father after school. Mariam and Pamela are with Mr. Kelo, and they tell them that the adjudicator decided to combine Mr. Kelo’s case with Alem’s, so they will appear in court together in February. In the meantime, Sheila arranges for Mr. Kelo to stay in a hotel since he cannot stay at the Fitzgeralds’ house due to fostering laws.

Alem gives his father a few days to settle into the hotel before he visits him. When Alem arrives at his father’s room, he sees that the hotel is dirty and run-down, but his father does not want to complain. Alem asks his father how his mother died, and Mr. Kelo tells him that it was violent. He starts to cry, and he tells Alem, “Real men cry, real men have feelings” (210). Alem cries too, and his father tells him that Mrs. Kelo had the idea to found EAST because she wanted an organization that encouraged peace rather than conflict. Alem decides that he needs to exemplify his mother’s attitude to carry on her memory.

A few days later, Alem makes his father spaghetti at the Fitzgeralds’ house. Mr. Fitzgerald tells Mr. Kelo that they love Alem, and as a gift, Mr. Fitzgerald gives them tickets to visit the Millennium Dome.

The next day, Alem and Mr. Kelo visit the Dome. Afterward, Mr. Kelo takes Alem to the EAST office in London. Inside, Alem sees Eritreans and Ethiopians speaking together. Mr. Kelo wanted to show Alem the office so he would see that peace between Ethiopians and Eritreans is possible and worth fighting for.

Chapters 13-18 Analysis

This section highlights The Impact of War on Individuals and Families as Alem learns about his mother’s murder. Alem’s grief and loss over his mother’s death cause him to fall into a depression over his situation as a refugee. At the same time, his understanding of what constitutes a family continues to expand. As he grieves for his mother, he develops a sibling relationship with Ruth. Ruth realizes that when Alem hugs her, he is “hugging the family he [is] missing” (157). She is both a sister figure and a stand-in for the family Alem has lost. Their relationship is a mutually healing one. In the face of Alem’s resilience and kindness, Ruth opens up about the trauma she has experienced at the hands of other foster siblings. By accepting Alem as a brother, Ruth shows that she, too, is developing a more expansive understanding of family.

The Fitzgeralds’ support helps Alem, yet The Challenges of Asylum Systems lead him to believe that he should return to his father in Africa. He asks Nicholas and Sheila, “If this country was so good, why do I have to go to court to get some of this goodness? Why do they not believe me?” (161-62). Alem’s questions reveal his growing disillusionment with England and its immigration system. Despite his struggles, Alem experiences a brief period of happiness when he reunites with his father. However, his frustrations increase when the Home Office arrests Mr. Kelo. The contradiction of the Home Office meeting the promise of safety through asylum with aggression and violence does not make sense to Alem. The fact that Mr. Kelo spends time in a detention center—which, according to Mariam, is “just like a prison” (107)—while he escapes the threat of war enrages Alem. After the trauma of losing his wife and the draining effects of war, Mr. Kelo breaks down crying when he tells Alem about her death. He tells Alem that “any man that lives without emotions or feelings is not a real man” (210-11), adding another layer to Alem’s emotional education and coming-of-age arc in the novel. Mr. Kelo expresses his grief and emotion to Alem because he does not want his son to become desensitized to the violence and suffering around them. This contrasts with the question in the Prologue—“What kind of man are you?” (1)—asserting that masculinity does not have to be intertwined with violence and warfare.

This section outlines how Alem and his father choose to focus on Resilience in the Face of Adversity through conversations about African unity. Alem is interested in Asher’s ideas about Africa. Asher describes to Robert and Alem how “Africa has been divided by the Europeans […] the slave drivers and the colonizers […] Africa must unite” (182-83). Although Asher was born in England, he is passionate about unifying Africa because of his religion, Rastafarianism. Although Alem does not share Asher’s religious beliefs, he does believe that the unity of Africa will lead to peace, especially since his father and mother started EAST. Throughout this section, EAST is a motif that connects Alem’s mother with his dream of peace and unity. After Mrs. Kelo’s death, Alem is inspired to be more like his mother and look for good in the world. He realizes that he can keep his mother alive if he “promote[s] her dream” (211). The EAST office in London is a physical embodiment of Mrs. Kelo’s dream. Seeing Ethiopians and Eritreans working together deepens Alem’s commitment to honoring his mother through working for unity. Even if the British government does not understand the depth of the suffering in Africa and the desperation of good people who are trying to fix it, Alem will fight for “a united Africa” (218).

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