75 pages • 2 hours read
Jesmyn WardA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion and quiz questions to prompt student engagement.
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On his 13th birthday, Jojo follows his grandfather (“Pop”) to the shed behind their house to slaughter a goat: “I try to look like this is normal and boring so Pop will think I’ve earned these thirteen years, so Pop will know I’m ready to pull what needs to be pulled, separate innards from muscle, organs from cavities” (1). The violence and smell eventually cause Jojo to throw up. Pop sends him inside to check on his toddler sister, Kayla, who has never met their father: Michael was in prison by the time their mother, Leonie, gave birth to her.
Pop begins cooking the goat, giving the liver to Jojo to take to his grandmother (“Mam”), who is bedridden with cancer. Jojo remembers a day when Leonie and Michael had a fight while Pop and Mam were at the doctor’s. Michael eventually left for his parents’ house, leaving Jojo sitting alone outside. When he heard Pop’s mentally disturbed brother (“Stag”) approaching, Jojo ran around to the back of the house, where he cut his foot badly on a can. Later that night, Pop scolded Leonie for her negligence.
As Pop prepares dinner, Jojo tends to Kayla and asks to hear the story of how he and Stag ended up imprisoned in Parchman Farm. Pop explains that Stag was a troublemaker growing up, and eventually got into a fight with a white man; Pop, who was 15 at the time, was at the house when Stag was arrested and was charged with harboring a fugitive. Roughly a month after Pop arrived at Parchman, he met Richie, a 12-year-old arrested for stealing food to feed his siblings: “He walked into that camp crying, but crying with no sound, no sobbing; Just tears leaking down his face, glazing it with water” (23). Richie quickly became attached to Pop, who pitied the boy and tried to protect him.
Back in the present, the family gathers in Mam’s bedroom to celebrate Jojo’s birthday; since Mam can’t bake, Leonie brings home a store-bought cake intended for a baby shower. The phone rings, and Leonie answers it: It’s Michael, and he says he’s being released from Parchman. Leonie promises that she will come to pick him up.
Leonie hangs up and heads to the Cold Drink, where she works as a bartender. When her shift ends, she and her coworker Misty go to the latter’s house to do lines of cocaine. As soon as Leonie is high, the spirit of her dead brother Given appears before her. Ignoring this, Leonie talks with Misty about Michael’s release until Misty notices her distraction. Leonie asks whether Misty ever hallucinates while high, and Misty says cocaine shouldn’t have that effect: “Given-not-Given frowned, mimicked her girly hair flip, and mouthed: What the fuck does she know?” (37).
Given’s appearance isn’t a fluke: Ever since Michael was imprisoned, Leonie has seen him whenever she’s high. She sometimes wonders whether this is a manifestation of the psychic abilities her mother says run in the family: Mam practiced naturopathic medicine and voodoo for years and can hear voices emanating from people and animals’ bodies. However, Leonie has never talked about her experiences with Mam, who desperately wishes she herself could see the dead—specifically, her son Given, who was murdered during his senior year of high school for showing up Michael’s cousin in a hunting contest. Michael’s father Big Joseph had at one point been the town sheriff and ensured the cousin got off lightly. Michael, however, didn’t share his family’s racism and began dating Leonie roughly a year after her brother’s death: “He was just tall enough that when he hugged me, his chin rested on my head, and I was cupped under him. Like I belonged” (54).
Leonie leaves Misty’s house in the morning and tells Pop she plans to take the children with her to Parchman. Pop is unhappy and tries to talk her out of going at all, reminding her that Mam is dying and that Michael’s parents could pick him up. Leonie is insistent, however, and explains the situation to Mam, who is more accepting: “You love who you love. You do what you want” (47). Leonie decides to leave a note in Big Joseph’s mailbox to explain what’s going on, but Big Joseph catches her in the act and comes after her with a rifle. She manages to drive away just in time, flipping him off as she does.
Leonie gathers up the children to leave, and Pop reminds Jojo to look after his family: “You a man, you hear?” (61). Once in the car, Leonie largely ignores Jojo and Kayla in favor of talking to Misty, who is coming along to visit her boyfriend in Parchman.
Jojo finds himself staring at Misty and thinks about how it was Mam who gave him the sex talk. She did so, she said, because Pop “don’t know how to tell a story straight […] He tell the beginning but don’t tell the end” (67). This in turn leads Jojo to remember more of Pop’s stories about Parchman and Richie: When Richie was assigned to field work, concern for the younger boy’s welfare shook Pop out of the stupor he had fallen into prior to Richie’s arrival.
After a couple of hours of driving, Jojo finds a gris-gris bag—a voodoo talisman—hidden in his clothing. He wonders whether Pop has given similar bags to anyone else and thinks more about how Pop tried to help Richie: “Tried to break his line when he was hoeing, dig a little deeper in his grooves. Reach over and clean his plants better when he was harvesting. Pull his weeds” (75). Eventually, however, Kinnie Wagner—an inmate charged with caring for the prison dogs—realized that Pop had a natural affinity with animals and asked that he be transferred to work as a dog runner.
Leonie detours to a rundown house, where a woman ushers her and Misty into the kitchen. Jojo and Kayla stay in the living room with the woman’s four-year-old son, who plays a video game until the TV freezes. Enraged, the boy cracks the TV screen with a baseball bat, which his mother then grabs and uses to hit him. Jojo goes outside, where he catches a glimpse of the woman’s husband cooking meth in the house’s shed. As everyone gets back in the car, Jojo sees that Misty is “trying to act like she’s not holding a paper bag tucked into a plastic bag, her arms straight as a yardstick at her side, the bag crinkling and hissing when she walks” (89).
Leonie recalls the circumstances that first led Michael to get involved with the drug trade: He lost his job on Deepwater Horizon when the rig exploded and began cooking meth to make money. Although Misty has assured Leonie that transporting this bag of meth will provide her and Michael with enough money to move out of Mam and Pop’s house, Leonie remains anxious. When Misty suggests they stop to visit a “pretty courthouse,” Leonie’s irritation nearly boils over:
[Michael] told me about the guards beating an eighteen-year-old boy who had been convicted of kidnapping and strangling a five-year-old girl in a trailer park. They heard him screaming and then nothing, and then got word he bled to death like a pig in his cell. That, I want to say to Misty, is your pretty courthouse (96).
Meanwhile, Kayla grows quiet before beginning to cry, cough, and throw up. Frustrated, Leonie pulls over to clean Kayla, then stops at a gas station to buy Powerade. Kayla, however, will only accept the drink from Jojo: “I put the nipple of the sippy cup in her mouth, and she blocks it with her clenched teeth and whips her head to the side” (100). The group remains parked in the gas station, Jojo trying to console Kayla and Leonie forcing her to drink at regular intervals.
Kayla continues to throw up, and Jojo eventually refuses to keep giving her the Powerade. After confirming the gas station doesn’t stock anti-nausea medication, Leonie searches the area for milkweed or wild strawberries—plants Mam once taught her could treat vomiting. She eventually finds wild blackberries, but can’t fully remember Mam’s instructions on what to do with them: “Mama always told me they could be used for upset stomach, but only for adults. But if there was nothing else, she said I could make a tea and give it to kids. Not a lot, I remember her saying. From the leaves. Or was it from the vine? Or the roots? The heat beats down so hard I can’t remember” (105). Despite her uncertainty, she picks some of the plants.
In the first few sentences of the novel, Ward establishes the grim tone that will define much of the novel; Jojo’s remark that he “like[s] to think that [death is] something [he] could look at straight” (1) implies he’s unwilling to look away from reality just because it’s difficult or upsetting. Over the following pages, this proves equally true of the novel itself, as Ward introduces plot points ranging from Mam’s cancer to Leonie’s drug use to Given’s murder. Broadly speaking, these topics relate to two major themes in the novel: poverty and racism’s deep roots in American society, and the meaning of family in a world of broken homes.
In some cases, these issues overlap. Jojo’s home is in many ways a dysfunctional one. It’s not simply that his father is in prison or that his mother does drugs, but rather that Leonie often seems indifferent to her children’s needs; on the ride to Parchman, for instance, she sends Jojo to buy her a drink while ignoring his repeated requests for something to drink himself. The very fact that Jojo calls his mother by her first name is an indication of how strained the relationship between them is. Faced with the way Leonie brushed aside his accident with the can, Jojo found himself unable to continue thinking of her as his mother: “It was a new thing, to look at her rubbing hands and her crooked teeth in her chattering mouth and not hear Mama in my head, but her name: Leonie” (16). With all that said, Leonie’s failings as a mother are inseparable from those of the society in which she lives. Leonie’s own family was torn apart by racist violence when she was a girl, and she never recovered; her idealization of and infatuation with Michael suggest that she’s emotionally still a teenager, while the visions she has of Given clearly illustrate the ongoing trauma of his murder.
Although it eventually becomes clear that the Given who Leonie is seeing in these moments is real, this doesn’t alter the significance of her visions. In fact, Ward will use ghosts throughout the novel to symbolize the way in which America’s racist past continues to “haunt” its present through phenomena like mass incarceration. As Pop describes it, Parchman functioned less as a prison and more as an extension of slavery: The relative ease with which black men and boys could be sent there created a large population of forced labor often engaged in precisely the same kind of work (e.g. picking cotton) slaves performed in the antebellum South. Furthermore, as the preferential treatment given to the (typically much more violent) white inmates demonstrates, the intent was not so much to punish people like Pop for real or perceived crimes, but rather to remind them of their subservient position both in and outside of prison. Given all of this, it isn’t surprising that Richie—the boy who features so prominently in Pop’s stories of Parchman—eventually appears in the novel as a ghost; the violence of Richie’s time lives on in the modern-day criminal justice system, as Leonie’s bitter remarks about the “pretty courthouse” imply.
The novel’s structure echoes the important role the past plays in the story’s events; the first few chapters skip freely between present events, Jojo and Leonie’s memories, and Pop’s stories. However, Ward’s extensive use of flashbacks is also tied to the spiritual worldview at play in the novel. This belief system will become clearer as the “supernatural” aspects of the novel become more pronounced, but the psychic abilities shared by Jojo, Mam, and Leonie provide some clues as to its nature. Jojo in particular is deeply tuned into the world around him, perceiving animals’ voices as clearly as though they belonged to humans: “I looked at them and understood, instantly, and it was like looking at a sentence and understanding the words, all of it coming to me at once” (15). Ultimately, this ability and others like it paint a picture of “a world plotted orderly by divine order, spirit in everything” (105)—that is, a world in which humans are part of a broad, unified spiritual reality. This reality includes the natural world, but it also encompasses all time, including the past and future. The nonlinear structure of the novel is therefore a reflection of the nonlinear nature of time itself.
By Jesmyn Ward