The Benefits of Being an Octopus

In literary terms, the titular octopus is a controlling metaphor, which is a symbol or image in a novel that transcends a single category of narrative significance. In this case, the octopus functions as a symbol, a motif, a theme, and a metaphor. A controlling metaphor is usually present in a work’s title and is the focal point of the protagonist’s character development. A controlling metaphor is multi-layered and can transform in meaning as the protagonist grows toward greater self-understanding.

The author prefaces the novel with a quotation from The Octopus: The Graceful Cephalopod of the Deep by Derby King to establish the octopus’s thematic importance: “The history of the octopus illustrates the brain’s ability to evolve. As they lost their ancestors’ protective shells they were forced to become more intelligent” (5). From the first page, we know that the octopus’s means of protection, adaptability, and intelligence are important ideas. A less obvious one is that the octopus’s strength comes from within. Without the protective shell of financial stability and family support, Zoey must rely on her inner resources not only to survive her difficult circumstances but also to transform them.

As a symbol, the octopus represents Zoey’s highest self. The octopus is highly versatile and holds elements of mystery. It can protect itself in various ways, including by shrinking and enlarging, by producing toxic ink, by changing its skin color and texture, by traversing any terrain in its environment, and by quickly fleeing—all with the help of its eight tentacles and unblinking eyes. Zoey’s goal is her own and her family’s survival, and she clings to identifying with the octopus to help her navigate life’s challenges, relying particularly on the powers of camouflage and stealth. Despite having the octopus as a source of inner strength, Zoey’s self-esteem remains low. Her challenge is to explore the depths of personality to become the strongest, most complete version of herself.

Zoey’s conversation with Connor at the Pizza Pit in Chapter 12 serendipitously introduces her to the chakana, the Quechua concept for “the state in which all beings are their complete selves” (68). Connor encountered this idea during a trip to Peru and got a cross-shaped tattoo to remind him of his inner strength. Late that night, Zoey draws an octopus tattoo on her arm with a Sharpie marker, signaling awareness of her ability to decide her fate on her own terms.