56 pages • 1 hour read
John BarthA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Only Todd’s doctor knows about his heart condition. He doesn’t tell Harrison or Jane and didn’t tell his father when he was alive. Todd doesn’t see the point in sharing his medical condition, believing it serves his personal interests better to be mysterious: “I long ago learned that one’s illnesses are both pleasanter and more useful if one keeps their exact nature to himself: one’s friends, uncertain as to the cause of one’s queer behavior and strange sufferings, impute to one a mysteriousness often convenient” (54). Todd pays his rent and sets out for the day. While he walks, he eats three Maryland biscuits. Todd praises the biscuits—they are cheap and filling and taste the same whether new or stale. The biscuits make him thirsty, too, and motivate him to drink more water. They settle his stomach, stabilize it, a welcome feeling in an unstable world.
Todd admires the beauty of High Street. Most of the houses are plain, but the street itself, and the foliage, make it beautiful. Todd reflects on Cambridge’s history—the men who have come and gone, the plantations and mansions they built—and remarks that the rest of the town isn’t as beautiful as High Street. Todd continues his walk, coming to a creek. He throws his leftover biscuits at two mating crabs and laughs as they scuttle away, still conjoined. Workers go about their business at the nearby lumber mill and shipyard. Todd watches, as he usually does, determined to replicate a typical day before ending his life. However, a package of posters catches his attention. They’re advertisements for Adam’s Original and Unparalleled Floating Opera—a theatrical showboat with performances scheduled for that night. Curious, Todd pockets one of the posters. Walking again, his mind races with sporadic thoughts, and he forgets about the Floating Opera.
Todd reflects on his town and his life. Cambridge is known for its seafood and wild game. Todd never took much interest in those fields, but now, spends an hour each morning working on a boat in his friend’s garage. He built a boat previously, when he was a boy, enticed by the freedom and escape boats represent. He refused help, and his first boat was left incomplete and hidden away; he didn’t want anyone to judge him for the incomplete mess. He became interested in other things, and his father used the wood from the boat for firewood. Throughout his childhood, Todd practiced hobbies in secret, dreaming ambitiously, but life never played out like he dreamt: “I dazzled old ladies at piano recitals, but never really mastered the scales; won the tennis championships of my high school—a school indifferent to tennis—but never really mastered the strokes; graduated first in my class, but never really learned to think. And so on: it’s a painful list” (60).
Later, Todd impulsively joins the Army. The experience is mostly terrible and uninspiring, except for one moment: a battle in the Argonne Forest. In the commotion of the battle, Todd fires at Germans but fails to kill any. Time blurs. Night approaches. He hides in a hollow half-filled with water. Explosions go off in rapid succession. In a state of constant fear, Todd feels inhuman, animalistic, and the sensation has stayed with him since.
The battle continues. Machine guns blare. Death feels inevitable, and Todd wishes for company. Suddenly, another man jumps into the hole—a German soldier. Todd immediately embraces him. The German stabs Todd’s leg with a bayonet, but Todd overpowers him. Then, they kiss and embrace. After, they tend to each other’s wounds: “Never in my life have I enjoyed such intense intimacy, such clear communication with a fellow human being, male or female, as I enjoyed with that German sergeant” (66). The German falls asleep, and Todd moves to leave. The German starts to wake up, and Todd sees fear in the man’s eyes. Todd instinctively stabs the German in the neck—the sound of the stab burning into Todd’s memory. The incident alleviates Todd of his desire to impress others and reminds him of his animal nature. Back in his friend’s garage, Todd works on his second boat, which is shaping up nicely, and then he leaves for work.
Todd breaks from the narrative to give the reader background information about his relationship with his father. Like his dad, Todd always does manual labor in nice clothes. His father adored the cleanliness of nineteenth century surgeons—their ability to operate in nice clothing without getting bloodied, and he strived to practice the same principles: “‘It teaches a man to be careful,’ Dad declared, ‘and to work easily. Hard work isn’t always good work’” (71). After working at the law firm, his father would tend to his garden, or wash his car, and never get dirty.
In 1930, when Todd came home and found his father dead, he noted that the man never strayed away from this life philosophy. Hanging from his belt in the cellar, Todd’s father died neatly dressed, without a speck of dirt on him. Todd lives in a similar way, working on his boat while dressed for work, and he agrees that doing so promotes care and neatness. Unlike his father, Todd doesn’t idealize this habit: “But I suspect that he attributed to the habit some terminal value; it was, I think, related to some vague philosophy of his. With me that is not the case, and I caution you against inferring anything of a philosophical flavor from my practice” (70-71). Todd goes about his life with intent and purpose but dressing nicely while working isn’t at the core of his being.
Todd arrives at his law firm. He takes interest in the law but confesses his career as a lawyer was preordained by his father. He considers himself one of the best lawyers on the Eastern Shore, even if he sees the concept of justice as arbitrary and fickle. He greets his secretary, checks his mail, and thinks about ongoing cases, which he promises to tell the reader about at some point. Among his mail is a snarky letter from Jane: “Darling, if you hoped in some way to hurt me again with your note this morning, you failed. I’m not disturbed at all. I will do exactly what you suggest, my dear, if you will see Marvin Rose for a complete physical, to find out why you’re such a pansy. Love, Jane” (76). The letter amuses Todd, and he calls Dr. Rose to schedule a physical. Dr. Rose knows Todd is averse to examinations and is surprised to hear from him. The two make an appointment for later that day.
Todd continues sorting through his mail and documents. He’s proud of his filing system. In court, when he can’t persuade the judge or jury, he often resorts to something he’s filed away to win his cases. He moves to light a cigar, and, searching for a match, remembers the advertisement for the Floating Opera he pocketed earlier. He examines the poster, stylized in various fonts and promising a variety of exciting shows. Todd asks his secretary to contact Jane; he wants to take her daughter, Jeannine, to the show that evening. Todd still can’t remember whether the June day he’s narrating occurred on the 21st or 22nd. He could check the advertisement to verify the date but consciously doesn’t. He chooses to remain willfully ignorant about why he doesn’t want to know the exact date he’s adamantly writing about.
Todd ponders the nature of law. Is the law a solid set of rules, or just interpretations by its followers? He’s not interested so much in the answer to those types of questions, taking more interest in what the law does on a case-by-case bases. He doesn’t care if his clients win or lose, and he admits that his approach to the law is irresponsible and could hurt innocent people. Among Todd’s caseload is a long legal battle over Harrison’s inheritance. Todd again confesses that he doesn’t care if Harrison wins or loses, despite the financial gains it would mean for both men. Harrison’s father, Harrison Sr., was rich and eccentric, and left numerous wills. He would write family members out whenever they acted out, then write them back in when they changed their behavior. Harrison, for example, was written out when he identified as a communist, but he was written back in when he abandoned that ideology. In court, the validity of several versions of Harrison Sr.’s wills are called into question because of the man’s declining mental health in his later years. Before his death, Harrison Sr. demanded everything produced from his body, including feces, be stored.
A bitter legal battle ensues between Harrison and his mother. Todd represents Harrison, and his mother hires Bill Froebel. Both lawyers are capable but driven by different personal motivations: “Froebel thought he could win, and wanted the money; I thought I could win, and wanted to see” (91). Harrison is poised to win the case, until Froebel uncovers Harrison’s donations to a communist paper in Spain, invalidating his claim to his inheritance. Todd argues for Harrison, but he cynically recognizes that Froebel has moved the courtroom with his impassioned speaking: “How could mere justice cope with poetry? Men, I think, are ever attracted to the bon mot rather than the mot juste, and judges, no less than other men, are often moved by considerations more aesthetic than judicial” (95). In the end, Harrison loses his case, and his chance at a three-million-dollar inheritance.
Harrison becomes distraught and melancholic. Jane, too, is morose. Todd finds their behavior pathetic and encourages Harrison to be more cynical, like himself. He doesn’t think Harrison and Jane have earned the money, but he still plans on pursuing the case. Todd appeals the decision, planning on delaying the case until the next local election, when the Court of Appeals bench will lean in their favor. As he mulls over how he can still win the case, Todd’s secretary farts in his office. The flatulence inspires Todd to investigate the whereabouts of Harrison Sr.’s feces. Mrs. Mack has started to dispose of the feces, and Todd joyously realizes he can win the case after all.
Chapters 6-10 expand the world of the novel while adding complexity to Todd’s character. In Chapter 6, Todd walks through town, passing High Street and the docks, his observations making Cambridge a more vivid and real setting. Chapter 8 provides background on Todd’s father and gives their relationship dimension by showing the similarities and differences in their personalities. Various chapters depict Todd at his law firm, filling in the world more, and Harrison’s inheritance gives the reader insight into some of the familial drama unfolding in the setting.
As Todd details his town and the conflicts within it, he reveals more about himself. Earlier chapters detailed Todd’s empathy for the reader and his chronic illness, building sympathy for him, but Chapters 6-10 depict his darker side. His cynicism becomes apparent, both toward institutions (like the law) and people (like Harrison). By the end of Chapter 10, Todd demonstrates he isn’t content to simply help Harrison; he wants to mold his friend: “I didn’t want Harrison to brood over his money: he wasn’t ready to be strong of his own choosing yet, apparently, and so I opened the way toward turning him into a cynic, in emulation of me” (100). Todd’s hidden motivations to change his friend makes Todd more villainous. While many of the chapters focus on Cambridge, Chapter 7 recalls Todd’s time in the Army, particularly a battle in the Argonne Forest. There, Todd exhibits more nuance and complexity. He’s not a capable fighter but also doesn’t stray away from violent acts: “I was, of course, inadequate fighting material—what intelligent boy isn’t?—but I was no more afraid as the lorries drove us to the front than were any of my fellows, and I’ve never been cowardly, to my knowledge, in matters of physical violence” (61). He goes on to shoot at German soldiers but fails to kill any. In the trenches, he embraces and kisses a German soldier but later kills him. Throughout his enlistment, Todd proves capable of surviving while also being an inefficient soldier.
Barth continues to utilize established stylistics choices such as humor in Chapters 6-10 and finds new ways to employ them. In Chapter 7, Todd wishes his father, and their housemaid, were dead so he can work on his boat in peace and solitude: “I allowed my father to buy me enough lumber for a skiff, and I remember quite clearly regretting then that he and Mrs. Aaron, the current housekeeper, weren’t dead, so that I could commence work on my schooner without their scoffing to embarrass me” (59). The world itself becomes more ridiculous, adding an absurd quality to the narrative. A pivotal detail in Harrison’s inheritance case is his father’s preserved feces and his mother’s disposal of the feces to nourish her garden. The benefactor of three million dollars hinges on jars of feces, making the world of The Floating Opera an absurd and strange one. Through humor, Barth builds a world that is dark, comical, and absurd in tone.
Additionally, earlier chapters acclimated the reader to nonlinear storytelling and formal experimentation. Chapter 3, for example, includes numbered notes written by Todd hypothesizing Harrison and Jane’s relationship. Chapter 6 shows more unique formatting when Todd reads the Floating Opera’s poster: “ADAM’s ORIGINAL & UNPARALLELED FLOATING OPERA, announced the poster; Jacob R. Adam, Owner & Captain. 6 BIG ACTS! it went on to declare: DRAMA, MINSTRELS, VAUDEVILLE! Moral & Refined!” (55). Chapter 9 pushes this experimentation further. Pages 78-82 provide an even clearer picture of the poster. Text is placed in the center column and features various fonts, sizes, and images. Throughout these chapters, established motifs, such as humor and formal experimentation, continue to be used creatively to develop the tone of the story and give it a unique style.
The Floating Opera’s themes continue to manifest and develop. Todd displays cynicism toward life and his work, but he remains curious. He wants to learn without becoming passionate: “Certainly I’ve never been dedicated to anything, although as with many another thing I’ve always maintained a reasonable curiosity about the meanings of legal rules and the working of courts” (73). Life having no intrinsic value is a central message of the novel, and Todd continues to travel down the path toward that discovery. His experience in WWI also develops Barth’s commentary on death. When Todd is trapped in the trenches and bombarded by explosions, he wishes for company before he dies: “The only thing I was able to wish for was someone to keep me company while I went through with it” (64). Even for a cynic like Todd, death feels less frightening in the company of others, adding complexities to Barth’s thoughts about dying. Todd’s desire for companionship in the face of death also foreshadows his plans to kill hundreds aboard the Floating Opera at the conclusion of the novel. The longer Todd lives, the more skeptical he becomes of humanity, and his fascination with death builds.
American Literature
View Collection
Appearance Versus Reality
View Collection
Books on U.S. History
View Collection
Magical Realism
View Collection
Memorial Day Reads
View Collection
Military Reads
View Collection
Mortality & Death
View Collection
Satire
View Collection
School Book List Titles
View Collection