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53 pages 1 hour read

Frank Norris

The Octopus: A Story of California

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1901

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Book 2, Chapters 7-9Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Book 2, Chapter 7 Summary

Hilma and Mrs. Derrick return to Los Muertos and the calamity at Hooven’s farm. Devastated to learn of Annixter’s death, Hilma disconsolately holds his head in her lap while Mrs. Derrick spends a few moments with her son before Harran dies of his injuries. Delany is found dead amidst the unharvested wheat.

Presley, after witnessing the savagery of the gunfight, plunges into an interior darkness where “[h]orror weighed intolerably upon him” (537). He turns to his journal, writing invectives against the Railroad’s unbridled power and greed. He is convinced the tragedy at Hooven’s is comparable to the Battle of Lexington (537), which initiated the Revolutionary War; and he believes all subjugated people should rise up against the industries and Trusts that oppress them. The next morning, Presley is increasingly agitated and working himself into a vengeful state. He visits Caraher, and they have a prolonged conversation before Presley retrieves a pipe bomb.

There is a large League meeting to discuss their reaction to the shootings, while the Railroad cuts off all travel and supplies to Bonneville, isolating the community. Presley attends the meeting but becomes agitated when speakers try to distance the League from the shootout and blame it on Magnus’s mismanagement. Upon the announcement of Osterman’s death, Presley charges onto the stage and makes a fiery speech about the people’s need to fight for their liberty, which he conceives to be “not a goddess, but a Fury” (552). While the audience responds enthusiastically, Presley later feels that his rhetoric did nothing for their cause, and leaves. Magnus arrives at the meeting and is goaded into speaking, but when he does, members of the crowd—hired by the Railroad—disrupt him and distribute copies of Genslinger’s newspaper article, which was published despite Magnus paying the hush money. Realizing his reputation is ruined, Magnus retreats to a small dressing room away from the crowd, wholly broken.

Later that evening, a pipe bomb is thrown into the home of S. Behrman, but the man survives the blast. 

Book 2, Chapter 8 Summary

A month later, Presley is in San Francisco, securing passage on one of Cedarquist’s India-bound ships of wheat. After his failed attempt on S. Behrman’s life with the pipe bomb, Presley believes he can do nothing more for the ranchers, and he resolves to make one last attempt to help Hooven’s family (his wife and two daughters) who moved to San Francisco after the shootout. Finding they were evicted from their lodgings a week ago for missed rent, Presley can’t locate them. He is near the P. and S. W. head offices, so Presley decides to visit the man he believes is responsible for all the suffering in the valley: Shelgrim, the president of the Railroad. Shelgrim, however, is impatient with Presley’s meandering questions, and he denies any agency in the situation. He suggests Presley “[b]lame conditions, not men” (576), portraying the Railroad as a natural force resistant to human whims. A rattled Presley leaves the offices and believes he sees Minna Hooven, but he cannot find her after.

The narrative then moves backward a few days, and charts Minna’s journey through the city. Minna, finding no work in the unfamiliar city, had returned one day from her search to find her mother and sister thrown out of their lodgings. Unable to locate her mother and sister after a few days spent on the street, she meets a woman who offers to help her. Later, Presley, on his way to a dinner at the Cedarquists’, runs into Minna, who has resorted to sex work: “I’ve gone to hell,” she says, “It was either that or starvation” (588).

As Presley attends the Cedarquists’ dinner—a lavish affair in an ornate mansion, celebrating the superficial accomplishment of their daughter traveling to Europe—the narrative again splits, contrasting Presley’s extravagant meal with Mrs. Hooven and her youngest daughter’s time on the San Franciscan streets. Mrs. Hooven, evicted and unaware of any social infrastructure to help those in her position, wanders the streets for days. She begs enough to feed her daughter meager meals, before succumbing to starvation and dying.

Book 2, Chapter 9 Summary

Presley returns to Los Muertos to retrieve his belongings and runs into S. Behrman, who now runs the ranch and is happily overseeing its bonanza crop harvest. S. Behrman relates to him that Dyke has been locked up for life. Presley disengages and heads to the Derricks, who S. Behrman has allowed to stay on the property for a few more days. Mrs. Derrick explains that she and her husband are leaving for a teaching position she acquired, but when Presley speaks with Magnus, he finds the man in a disoriented haze, unclear about his future. Magnus has so retreated from his life that he hardly notices when S. Behrman enters the room and offers Magnus a position working under him for the Railroad. Distracted, Magnus accepts. S. Behrman also reveals that he knows Presley is the one who tried to bomb him, but he isn’t concerned with the attack. Flush in his total victory, he views it instead as evidence “there ain’t anything can touch me” (627).

Before he leaves, Presley speaks with Hilma, who has resolved herself to widowhood and sadness, and Mrs. Dyke, who, sure she is near death, is taking Sidney to a sister who will care for her. As he is about to leave the valley, Presley comes across Vanamee and notices the shepherd’s happiness. Vanamee tells him of Angéle’s return, citing it as proof of the continual regrowth and resurgence of life; he insists that all things fundamentally and inevitably lead to good, even if mortal vision can’t apprehend the scope of this cosmic drama: “Death and grief are little things” (635), he says.

Later, S. Behrman is in San Francisco, supervising his grain being loaded onto the Swanhilda, a large ship bound for India. It would have been expensive to bag the wheat, so he’s decided to have it all poured “in bulk” into the hold of the ship. In a compulsion to observe the pouring of the grain from the elevator into the hold of the ship, S. Behrman slips and falls helplessly into the hold and, despite his attempts to free himself, is crushed to death under the weight of the wheat. 

Book 2, Chapters 7-9 Analysis

Chapter 7 charts the completion of Presley’s radicalization; the narrative lays bare some of the character’s thoughts as he is drawn into an act of political violence. He feels powerless; he believes himself a failure in vision and rhetoric; and he surmises he will always be an outsider. He therefore re-embraces the ideological, cleaving to Caraher’s anarchistic philosophy and the direct route to power that it seems to offer. His failed attack on S. Behrman, however, underscores that Presley is a reporting observer rather than an active participant.

The dressing room in which Magnus hides is a significant symbol of his character’s terminus: The room’s cracked mirror “for so many years had reflected the painted faces of soubrettes” (560). After spending his life conceiving of himself as a pillar of moral and social reasoning, elevating himself through the community, he finds this identity is an artifice; put under pressure, it is faulty, little more than an act he himself came to believe.

Chapter 8 depicts events far from the valley. Shelgrim, the great enemy of the ranchers, offers a grim philosophical framework to the catastrophe, asserting that the Railroad and wheat are forces outside of human control: “Blame conditions, not men,” Shelgrim advises (576). He suggests that industry is larger than its individual human agents, a view that notably resembles that offered by Vanamee in the following chapter. Shelgrim’s angle, however, relies on personal exculpation.

The consequence of Shelgrim’s liable “conditions” is, in effect, the deterministic force of the universe. This force plays out in the stories of Mrs. Hooven and Minna. Norris underscores the tragedy by contrasting the characters’ destitution against the opulence of Cedarquist’s dinner. The force of the Railroad, in the end, is unstoppable.

The ninth chapter offers the final portrait of Magnus’s dissolution. Having for so long found the measure of himself in others, his character is utterly decimated; he cannot locate himself on his own. Against this portrait, and those of the Hoovens, Norris’s hopefulness still shines through, in contrast to the dour determinism of Naturalism: The author allows Vanamee’s character to amend Shelgrim’s vision. Vanamee uses the reappearance of Angéle—in parallel with the continual resurgence of the wheat—to affirm that all process is good and will end in good. S. Behrman’s demise under the crushing wheat punctuates the philosophical statement.

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